When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
·the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
·the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
·the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with byif we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
Examples:
My mothermakessandwich every morning.
Subjectverb1+s/esOC (adv. of time)
Sandwichis madeby my mother every morning.
Subjectto be+V3AgentC (adv. of time)
present continuous : [ S + to be + being +V3 (past participle)
present perfect: [ S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle)
present continuous
Active
Passive
A young boy is catching a butterfly.
A butterflyis being caughtby a young boy.
present perfect
Active
Passive
Yano has returned the book to the library.
The bookhas been returnedto the libraryby Yano.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1.Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2.Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Examples:
Active:
Johnis givinghis girl-frienda bunch of flower.
indirect objectdirect object
Passive:
The indirect object as the subject
John’s girl-friendis being givena bunch of flower.
Passive:
The direct object as the subject
A bunch of floweris being givento John’s girl-friend.
News Item:is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure:
vNewsworthy Event(s):recounts the events in summary form
vBackground Event(s):elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
vSources:comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
Significant Grammar Features:
±Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
±Generally using Simple Past Tense
±Use of Material Processes to retell the event
±Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
±Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
±Focus on Circumstances
±Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
1.The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
Example:Town ‘Contaminated’
Complete Sentence:Town is contaminated.
2.It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
Example:Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence:Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
3.The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
Example:World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence:The world is heading for an energy crisis.
4.To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
Example:Queen to Visit Samoa.
Complete Sentence:The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
5.Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example:More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence:More earthquakes happened in Japan.
A Korean Force of Nature
Newsworthy event
In just three years, Korean pop star Rain Has built a huge domestic following of (mostly) female fans with a string of chart-topping singles, and now he’s ready to branch out overseas.
Background events
Rain picked up MTV Asia prizes this year, played his first solo concert in Japan in July and has lined up sold-out gigs in Hong Kong and Tokyo. But the engine of Korean pop-culture dominance in Asia is the soap opera, which is why Rain is forecast for TV this fall. The decidedly boyish singer will play a macho K-1 fighter who falls for his brother’s lover in a series tentatively titled A Loved to Kill. Though the show is set to air first in Korea this October, the astounding popularity of Korean TV dramas around the region means that the pop star could soon become a familiar face throughout Asia.
Just a minor setback, says Jeong: “We’re targeting the global market. Rain’s too big for Asia.”
Snow Maiden
Once upon a time there lived a couple in a village. They had got married for a long time, but so far they did not have a baby yet. Every single minute they prayed to God, begged for a baby, but it never came true. One day, they went to snow mountain. They made a girl from snow and they dressed her beautifully. When it got dark, they decided to go home and left the snow girl alone. The following morning, someone knocked the door. "Any body home?” she said. The old woman inside opened the door and asked, "Who are you?" The girl said "I'm Snow Maiden, your daughter". The old woman was surprised and happy, "Oh, really? Thanks God! Come in, please!" Since that meeting, they lived happily. Snow Maiden was beautiful, kind, diligent and helpful. Her parents and all of her friends loved her very much. One day, Snow Maiden played with her friends. They played fire. At first, Snow Maiden just looked at their play. Suddenly, her friends asked her to jump on the fire. Of course she refused it because one thing that made her afraid was the fire. It's because Snow Maiden was made of snow, so she should avoid the fire. But her friends kept on forcing her to jump on. Finally, she could not do anything then she did it. She jumped on the fire and she melted. Her friends were so sorry about this, they cried and cried hoping Snow Maiden could live again, but it was useless. Snow Maiden would not be back anymore. Her mother tried to entertain Snow Maiden's friends and asked them to make a new Snow Maiden. They went to a snow mountain and started making it. They expected to have the new Snow Maiden. Days passed but their dreams never came true. Poor them!
Narrative textis a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.
Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.
Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.
Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending.In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.
Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.
Example: The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.
Jumat, 29 Januari 2010
Prepositions of Time: at, in, on
We use:
* at for a PRECISE TIME * in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS * on for DAYS and DATES
At in on PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays at noon in the summer on 6 March at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010 at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve
Look at these examples:
* I have a meeting at 9am. * The shop closes at midnight. * Jane went home at lunchtime. * In England, it often snows in December. * Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future? * There should be a lot of progress in the next century. * Do you work on Mondays? * Her birthday is on 20 November. * Where will you be on New Year's Day?
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions: Expression Example at night The stars shine at night. at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend. at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas. at the same time We finished the test at the same time. at present He's not home at present. Try later.
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions: in on in the morning on Tuesday morning in the mornings on Saturday mornings in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons in the evening(s) on Monday evening
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
* I went to London last June. (not in last June) * He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday) * I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter) * We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)
hai bero..!!! what's up you all?? kenalin gue sena, tapi panggil ja gue ni sean. mupung tugas e-prembone ni belum selesai jadi ni gue kenalin e-prembone punya gue. tapi biasalah masih awam-awam punk, makanya masih pada kacau semuanya, jadi tolong jangan pada marah ya, because, new beginnings is full of mistakes and if we fix these errors then it is wrong for a long time will get better
Happiness Expression
Definition of Happiness Expression :
Happiness Expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings
What is happiness ?
* It is important to first understand that the term ‘’happiness ‘’ refers to the emotion ,mood ,and state of happiness ,however researchers generally study the more enduring ‘’state” * Expression happiness is used to expression happiness feelings when we are successful to do something.
What would you say to express you happiness ?
* I’m happy because………. * Fantastic * Great * My life’s fun of happy day * You make me happy * I’m so glad that you * I like …….. * I love…….. * I’m statistied with * I’m pleased with * Congratulation !!
We can happiness expression of by :
* Word( kata-kata) * Gestures ( gerakan )
For the example of dialouge about happiness expression:
sean : What do you accept from your birthday ,jau?
jau : Fantastic ,I can a new bag from my father. That’s new bag .
It is very good
sean : Oh, I ‘m happy too hear it.
jau : Thank’z ,sean
sean : You are welcome
Description :
Often times students are not able to communicate clearly what they would like to say. It is the purpose of this lesson to help student understand the need to be articulate and precise when explain steps to another student. In addition the student listening will learn to be a more effective listener.
Goals :
Students will understand the need to be articulate when communicating
Background Information :
This activity will teach students to explain what they see and guide another students in reproducing the drawing by what they are told.
Objectives :
1. The students will use descriptive explication to guide another students in completing the task.
2. The students will explain the importance of being articulate and frustrasion when directions are unclear.
Concept :
Students wil be able to :
1. Explain and articulate the steps to reproducing a drawing
2. Follow directions as closely as possible
3. Communicate with fellow students to accomplish the given task.
Description :
Often times students are not able to communicate clearly what they would like to say. It is the purpose of this lesson to help student understand the need to be articulate and precise when explain steps to another student. In addition the student listening will learn to be a more effective listener.
Goals :
Students will understand the need to be articulate when communicating
Background Information :
This activity will teach students to explain what they see and guide another students in reproducing the drawing by what they are told.
Objectives :
1. The students will use descriptive explication to guide another students in completing the task.
2. The students will explain the importance of being articulate and frustrasion when directions are unclear.
Concept :
Students wil be able to :
1. Explain and articulate the steps to reproducing a drawing
2. Follow directions as closely as possible
3. Communicate with fellow students to accomplish the given task.
Reading process analysis helps readers become aware of the de mands of different text and the strategies that they use to meet those demands in their efforts to make meaning as they read. By sharing reflections on their own reading process in a group. Readers learn from each other’s processes and appropriate new strategies. They also begin to see reading as a complex activity that requires flexible application of many strategies. This is often on importanst new awereness for many readers. This is a process that bears, repetition. Especially as readers encounter different.
Good readers strategies
- rend tast (change the speed of their reading depending on how difficult the text is).
- Re – read
- Ask questions
- Have a reason to read (set a purpose)
- Think about what they know already that’s related (use background know ledge).
For example, about topic genre, era, author …….
- say “this reminds me of my ……..”
(make personal connections)
- try to picture what the author is saying (visualize)
Good Reader Solve Probems With
- weird words (difficult vocabulary)
Read ahead
Re-read the previos sentence.
Write it down.
Substitute a word you know that sounds right and makes sense.
- Distractions (focusing attention)
- Disagreeing with the auther
- Being nervous (about reading aloud or reading for a test)
- Reading about something they don’t know much about.
- Knowing why to read something, or caring about something (setting a purpose).
GREETINGS
} Standard Competency :
To comprehend and express the meanings within the transactional and interpersonal conversations about greetings in the context of daily life
} Basic Competency :
To respond and express the meanings within the formal / informal transactional and interpersonal conversations accurately and fluently that contains the introduction expressions (greetingsIndicators :
} After having studied the material given, the students are expected to be able to:
} identify the expression meaning of greetings that contains self introduction, introducing other people and parting / ending conversation both orally and in written form
} respond the expression of greetings
} carry out transactional and interpersonal conversations involving the acts of greeting, introducing and parting
), invitation, and appointment
– Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening
– Hello, Ewo
– Hello, Agnes
– How are you?
– How’s everything with you?
advertisement
What is advertisement?? Advertisment is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the thing that are offered or informed.
Function of advertisement *Promotion *Communication *Information
In making an advertisement keep the following points
Language of advertisement : *using the corret or suitable words. *using the interesting and suggestive expression. *using positive expression. *text of advertisement should be directed to the goals. Content of advertisement : *Objective *Brief and clear * Not allude group or other producer.
Content of advertismenet · Objective and honest · Brief and clear · Not macking to group or other producer. · Attractive attention.
Advertisement have 2(two)meaning 1. advertisement is a comercial solicitation designed to sell commodity,service or similar. -companies try to sell their products usin. Advertisement in from or palacards,television,sport and print publication. 2. advertisement is a public noties -the city council placed an advertisement in the local newspaperin informs it resident of the forthcom in road works. Advertisement is refers to all people many advertisement are disigend to generate increased consumption of those products and service through the creation and reinforcement of brand image “N” barand loyality.
Example ::
Job vacancy advertisement Antang kalang hotel in Palangka Raya is presently looking for : 1.sales manager 2.chief accountant. 3.purchasing manager. 4.restaurant manager. 5.Banquet coordinator. 6.assistant chief engineer. 7.bar staf/waiter/waitresses
Gaining attention
Gaining attention is away or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.
If you want to gain attention of some people you can use this : · attention, please · may i have your attention, please · excuses me, look here ! · listen to me, please ! · waiter ? · I’m sorry,but.. · Wow really ?
Example ::
- jau :”excuse me,anybody here can give me some food?”
- Aldy :”listen to me guys,if we still noisy in class,we will get punishment.”
Giving instruction
Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.
The example expressions of giving instruction :
*open your book ! *close the door,please ! *move the chair! *open the window! *pass me the sugar,please! *stand up,please!
Senin, 28 Desember 2009
INVITATION
Definition: Invitation tell about how to invite or ask someone to come along or join a particular program or activity.
To invite someone:
* Would you like to my party? * Could you go to my home? * Can you go to the beach * Shall we? * I will ave range the party, will you? * Shall we see the film? * Would you come with me? * What if we ask Nico to join us? * How about doing window shopping this afternoon? * Let's go to my house after school.
Accepting an invitation:
* Great! Let's do it. * Thank you. I'd like to. * That's good idea. * I'd like to, thank you. * OK! * That's deal. * Thats fine. * OK. I'll go with you.
Declining an invitation:
* That's nice. Unfortunately... * Sorry, I can't * No, thanks. * That would be great, but I can't. Sorry. * That's very kind of you, but unfortunately I will have to miss it. * I'd like to, but I have to baby-sit my little brother.
Minggu, 22 November 2009
Simple Past FORM
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples:
* You called Debbie. * Did you call Debbie? * You did not call Debbie.
Complete List of Simple Past Forms USE 1 Completed Action in the Past
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
* I saw a movie yesterday. * I didn't see a play yesterday. * Last year, I traveled to Japan. * Last year, I didn't travel to Korea. * Did you have dinner last night? * She washed her car. * He didn't wash his car.
USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
* I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. * He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. * Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
USE 3 Duration in Past
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
* I lived in Brazil for two years. * Shauna studied Japanese for five years. * They sat at the beach all day. * They did not stay at the party the entire time. * We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. * A: How long did you wait for them? B: We waited for one hour.
USE 4 Habits in the Past
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
* I studied French when I was a child. * He played the violin. * He didn't play the piano. * Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? * She worked at the movie theater after school. * They never went to school, they always skipped class.
USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
Examples:
* She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. * He didn't like tomatoes before. * Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? * People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.
Examples:
* When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. * She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.
When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.
Example:
* I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
* You just called Debbie. * Did you just call Debbie?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
* Tom repaired the car. Active * The car was repaired by Tom. Passive
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
(Kami menggunakan Present Sempurna untuk mengatakan bahwa suatu tindakan yang terjadi pada waktu yang tidak ditentukan sebelum sekarang. Tepat waktu tidak penting. Anda TIDAK BISA menggunakan Present Perfect dengan ekspresi waktu tertentu seperti: kemarin, satu tahun yang lalu, pekan lalu, ketika aku masih kecil, ketika saya tinggal di Jepang, pada saat itu, pada hari itu, suatu hari, dll Kami BISA menggunakan hadir unspecific Sempurna dengan ekspresi seperti: pernah, tidak pernah, sekali, berkali-kali, beberapa kali, sebelum, sejauh ini, sudah, namun, dll)
Examples:
I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars.
Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
I have been to France.
This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
I have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
I have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
I think I have seen that movie before.
He has never traveled by train.
Joan has studied two foreign languages.
A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
You have grown since the last time I saw you.
The government has become more interested in arts education.
Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
Man has walked on the Moon.
Our son has learned how to read.
Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
James has not finished his homework yet.
Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
Bill has still not arrived.
The rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
The army has attacked that city five times.
I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
We have had many major problems while working on this project.
She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
Have you been to Mexicoin the last year?
I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
They have had three tests in the last week.
She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
My car has broken down three times this week.
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
I went to Mexicolast year.
I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
I have been to Mexicoin the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
I have had a cold for two weeks.
She has been in England for six months.
Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You have only seen that movie one time.
Have you only seen that movie one time?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive
kenalin bero, gue senarito aulinnathaqi ar-rahman tapi gue biasa di panggil dengan sebutan sean. gue sekolah di SMAN 2 Palangka raya, and gue tinggal di Jln. Seth Adji No. 5. oh iya. gue kan baru buat blog nih, jadi tolong bantuannya untuk memberi masukan supaya apa yang gue buat ni terlihat bagus yo. Tolong Bantuannya...
