INVITATION

Definition:
Invitation tell about how to invite or ask someone to come along or join a particular program or activity.

To invite someone:

* Would you like to my party?
* Could you go to my home?
* Can you go to the beach
* Shall we?
* I will ave range the party, will you?
* Shall we see the film?
* Would you come with me?
* What if we ask Nico to join us?
* How about doing window shopping this afternoon?
* Let's go to my house after school.


Accepting an invitation:

* Great! Let's do it.
* Thank you. I'd like to.
* That's good idea.
* I'd like to, thank you.
* OK!
* That's deal.
* Thats fine.
* OK. I'll go with you.


Declining an invitation:

* That's nice. Unfortunately...
* Sorry, I can't
* No, thanks.
* That would be great, but I can't. Sorry.
* That's very kind of you, but unfortunately I will have to miss it.
* I'd like to, but I have to baby-sit my little brother.

Simple Past
FORM

[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

Examples:

* You called Debbie.
* Did you call Debbie?
* You did not call Debbie.

Complete List of Simple Past Forms
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

* I saw a movie yesterday.
* I didn't see a play yesterday.
* Last year, I traveled to Japan.
* Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
* Did you have dinner last night?
* She washed her car.
* He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

* I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
* He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
* Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:

* I lived in Brazil for two years.
* Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
* They sat at the beach all day.
* They did not stay at the party the entire time.
* We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
* A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

* I studied French when I was a child.
* He played the violin.
* He didn't play the piano.
* Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
* She worked at the movie theater after school.
* They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."

Examples:

* She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
* He didn't like tomatoes before.
* Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
* People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.

Examples:

* When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.
* She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.

Example:

* I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

* You just called Debbie.
* Did you just call Debbie?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

* Tom repaired the car. Active
* The car was repaired by Tom. Passive

Present Perfect

FORM

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

• You have seen that movie many times.
• Have you seen that movie many times?
• You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

(Kami menggunakan Present Sempurna untuk mengatakan bahwa suatu tindakan yang terjadi pada waktu yang tidak ditentukan sebelum sekarang. Tepat waktu tidak penting. Anda TIDAK BISA menggunakan Present Perfect dengan ekspresi waktu tertentu seperti: kemarin, satu tahun yang lalu, pekan lalu, ketika aku masih kecil, ketika saya tinggal di Jepang, pada saat itu, pada hari itu, suatu hari, dll Kami BISA menggunakan hadir unspecific Sempurna dengan ekspresi seperti: pernah, tidak pernah, sekali, berkali-kali, beberapa kali, sebelum, sejauh ini, sudah, namun, dll)

Examples:

• I have seen that movie twenty times.
• I think I have met him once before.
• There have been many earthquakes in California.
• People have traveled to the Moon.
• People have not traveled to Mars.
• Have you read the book yet?
• Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
• A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
  B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

• I have been to France.
  This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
• I have been to France three times.
  You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
• I have never been to France.
  This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
• I think I have seen that movie before.
• He has never traveled by train.
• Joan has studied two foreign languages.
• A: Have you ever met him?
  B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

• You have grown since the last time I saw you.
• The government has become more interested in arts education.
• Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
• My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

• Man has walked on the Moon.
• Our son has learned how to read.
• Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
• Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

• James has not finished his homework yet.
• Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
• Bill has still not arrived.
• The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

• The army has attacked that city five times.
• I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
• We have had many major problems while working on this project.
• She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

• Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
• I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
• They have had three tests in the last week.
• She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
• My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

• I went to Mexico last year.
  I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
• I have been to Mexico in the last year.
  I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

Examples:

• I have had a cold for two weeks.
• She has been in England for six months.
• Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You have only seen that movie one time.
• Have you only seen that movie one time?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
• That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive

Simple Present

Simple Present

From

[VERB] + s/es in third person

Examples (contoh):

1. You speak English.
2. Do you speak English?
3. You do not speak English.

1. Anda berbahasa Inggris.
2. Apakah Anda berbicara bahasa Inggris.
3. Anda tidak berbahasa Inggris.

Complete of simple present from

USE 1 Repeated Actions(menggunakan kegiatan berulang).

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

(Mengunakan Simple Present untuk mengekspresikan gagasan bahwa suatu tindakan berulang-ulang atau biasa. Tindakan dapat menjadi kebiasaan, hobi, aktivitas harian, yang dijadwalkan peristiwa atau sesuatu yang sering terjadi. Juga dapat sesuatu yang orang biasanya sering lupa atau tidak melakukan).

Examples(Contoh-Contoh):

1. I play tennis.
2. She does not play tennis.
3. Does he play tennis?
4. The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
5. The train does not leave at 9 AM.
6. When does the train usually leave?
7. She always forgets her purse.
8. He never forgets his wallet.
9. Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
10. Does the Sun circle the Earth?

1. Aku bermain tenis.
2. Dia tidak bermain tenis.
3. Apakah dia bermain tenis?
4. Kereta berangkat setiap pagi pukul 8 pagi.
5. Kereta api tidak meninggalkan pukul 9 pagi.
6. Kapan biasanya kereta api berangkat?
7. Dia selalu lupa tasnya.
8. Dia tidak pernah lupa dompetnya.
9. Setiap dua belas bulan, lingkaran Bumi Matahari.
10. Apakah Matahari mengelilingi Bumi?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations (menggunakan Fakta atau generalisasi).

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

(Simple Present dapat juga menunjukkan pembicara percaya bahwa fakta itu benar sebelumnya, adalah benar sekarang, dan akan menjadi kenyataan di masa depan. Hal ini tidak penting jika pembicara benar tentang fakta. Hal ini juga digunakan untuk membuat generalisasi tentang orang-orang atau hal-hal).

Examples(Contoh-Contoh):

1. Cats like milk.
2. Birds do not like milk.
3. Do pigs like milk?
4. California is in America.
5. California is not in the United Kingdom.
6. Windows are made of glass.
7. Windows are not made of wood.
8. New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

1. Kucing suka susu.
2. Burung tidak suka susu.
3. Apakah babi suka susu?
4. California di Amerika.
5. California tidak di Britania Raya.
6. Jendela terbuat dari kaca.
7. jendela tidak terbuat dari kayu.
8. New York adalah sebuah kota kecil. Tidaklah penting bahwa fakta ini tidak benar.

Use 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future (Menggunakan kejadian yang direncanakan di masa depan).

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

(Pembicara kadang-kadang menggunakan Simple Present untuk berbicara tentang jadwal aktivitas dalam waktu dekat. Hal ini paling sering dilakukan ketika berbicara tentang transportasi umum, tetapi dapat digunakan dengan jadwal aktivitas lain juga).

Examples(Contoh):

1. The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
2. The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
3. When do we board the plane?
4. The party starts at 8 o'clock.
5. When does class begin tomorrow?

1. Kereta itu berangkat malam ini pada pukul 6 sore.
2. Bus tidak datang pada 11 pagi, tiba pukul 11 malam.
3. Kapan kita naik ke pesawat.
4. esta dimulai pada jam 8 pagi.
5. Kapan kelas dimulai besok?

USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with non-continuous verb and certain mixed verb.

(Pembicara kadang-kadang menggunakan Simple Present untuk mengekspresikan gagasan bahwa suatu tindakan yang terjadi atau tidak terjadi sekarang. Ini hanya dapat dilakukan dengan non-kata kerja yang terus-menerus dan dicampur verbal tertentu).

Examples (Contoh):

1. I am here now.
2. She is not here now.
3. He needs help right now.
4. He does not need help now.
5. He has his passport in his hand.
6. Do you have your passport with you?

1. Aku disini sekarang.
2. Dia(Pr) tidak disini sekarang.
3. Dia(Lk) membutuhkan pertolongan sekarang.
4. Dia (Lk) tidak butuh bantuan sekarang.
5. Dia(Lk) memiliki paspor di tangannya.
6. Apakah Anda memiliki paspor Anda dengan Anda?

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

(Contoh di bawah ini menunjukkan penempatan untuk tata bahasa kata keterangan seperti: selalu, hanya, tidak pernah, masih, hanya, dll).

Examples (Contoh):

1. You only speak English.
2. Do you only speak English?

1. Anda hanya berbicara bahasa Inggris.
2. Apakah Anda hanya berbicara bahasa Inggris?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples (Contoh):

1. Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active
2. Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Passive

1. Sekali seminggu, Tom membersihkan mobil. Aktif
2. Sekali seminggu, mobil dibersihkan oleh Tom. Pasif